Readings of signs are divided into classes according to use, mostly neglecting the origin or pictographic meaning. That is, we focus on the functions that signs fulfil within writings of words, especially in relation to other signs. The following classes are distinguished:

Some readings apply to a combination of signs rather than to a single sign. The table may offer one or more examples for each reading. After D48 however, examples and comments are mostly omitted for the time being.

We leave implicit in the table that one logogram can often be used for several words that are all related through derivation and inflection. One example is , which can be used both for bjt, bee, and for bjt, honey. Another example is , which can be used both for sxt, marshland, and for sxtj, peasant.

The distinction between logograms and determinatives is often problematic. For example, can be used in the writing of various words that all mean boat. This would suggest classifying it as determinative rather than as logogram, as it is not associated with one particular word. However, it can be used without phonograms, to represent one of dpt, jmw, etc., by which its use is clearly logographic in nature. In this case, we have chosen to give a list of readings, each as 'Log. or det.' for one of the words that may represent.

In other cases, it seems more appropriate to give a reading as determinative next to one or more readings as logograms. For example, can be used without phonograms to mean TAw (breath) or nfw (skipper). These uses will be classified as 'Log. or det.'. In addition, the same sign can be used in the writing of many other concepts related to wind and sails, so that an additional reading as determinative is justified. In yet other cases, only a reading as determinative is given. An example is , which seems to be always preceded by phonograms, despite its pictographic nature, which may suggest HfAw or Ddft.

Sometimes a sign is classified as 'Log. or det.' even if no occurrences without preceding phonograms are known, in other words, when its observed use is as determinative rather than as logogram. This holds in particular when its pictographic nature suggests one particular word, or even two, as in the case of hippopotamus (db or xAb). An additional reason may be that the same sign can also be used as a phonogram that is derived from that word, which suggests a tight connection between that sign and the word. In such cases one can imagine that occurrences without preceding phonograms will eventually be found.

In some cases, the distinction between logogram and phonogram can also be hard to make, especially when a phonogram covers the entire stem of a word, and no other phonograms precede the sign. Our decision in such cases may be based on various factors, such as what the sign represents pictographically, and the number of semantically unrelated words in which the sign can be used. For example, is here taken to be a 'Phon. or phon. det.', ignoring its (speculative) pictographic nature, motivated by the high number of words in which it occurs that are semantically unrelated to building. However, is taken to be a logogram rather than a phonogram in x:[sep=0.4]D43-[sep=0.4]w*mDAt[rotate=270], xwj, protect, as it tends to occur in a number of words that are related through derivation and inflection, as opposed to several other words that happen to start with the same consonants. Yet, a separate use as phonogram needs to be identified for use in those words containing consonants xw that are not etymologically related to xwj, protect.

In the case of , we have chosen to classify the use in Ax, spirit as logogram, as it is in this word that the sign is most often used without further phonograms, and the use in other words starting with Ax as phonogram. We admit this choice is debatable. Similarly controversial may be our decision to classify in dSr, flamingo, as determinative and in dSr, red, as phonogram, as the two words are intimately related, and often even written in the exact same way. In the case of , the relation between Htp, altar, and Htp, rest, is less clear, and consequently classifying the use in rest as phonogram, or as logogram distinct from that in altar, is more easily justitied. We contend that introduction of auxiliary classes such as 'semi-ideogram' and 'semi-phonogram' would not help to solve such dilemmas, and on the contrary would create more problematic boundaries between classes.

By 'Use as' is meant that a sign has uses that it shares with another sign. In most cases this should not be mistaken for straightforward interchangeability.

The primary sources are those mentioned in the main table.

s man O34:A1*(.:Z1) A1:Z2 rHw men r-H*w-A1:Z2 rHw men A1:Z2-anx-n:x ^rHw-anx Rekhu-ankh man and his occupations zA-A1 sA son s*Ab-A1 smr courtier H-wr:r-w-G37-A1 Hwrw wretch ir:A1 jr doer A1*B1:Z1*Z1*Z1 people and their occupations r:T-A1*B1:Z2 rmT people T14*m-w-A1*B1:Z2 aAmw Asiatics mt:[fit]t*.:r-w-[fit]T14*[fit]T14-A1*B1:Z2 mtrw witnesses in personal names anx-n:x-w-A1 ^anxw Ankhu =j I first person singular w-A1 wj me nw:k-A1 jnk I k:w-A1 .kw I eat and drink E34:n-m-A2 wnm eat H-q:r-A2 Hqr hungry s-wr:r-A2 swr drink speak, think, feel s-D:d-A2 sDd recount g:r-A2 gr silent k*[fit]A-A2 kAj think U7:r-A2 mrj love j O (vocative interjection) i*A2 Hmsj sit N41:z-A3 praise, supplicate N14-A4 dwA praise hide s-d:g-A4-.:D54 sdgj hide i-mn:n-A4 jmn hidden resist t:U30-A-i*i-A4 tAy reject

Cf. .

hide i-mn:n-A5-Y1[rotate=270] jmn hidden wab pure clean sAT make libation libation stone sAT make libation weary, weak wr:r-d-A7-G37 wrD tired b-d:S-A7-G37 bdS faint g-n:n-A7 gnn soft Hmsj sit N42:z-A7 hnw jubilation O4:n-insert[s](.*w,nw)-A8 ATp load A-T:p-A9 A9-a fAj raise f-[fit]A-A9 A9-A24 kAt work kA:t-A9 A9 sailing s*qd-d:nw-A10 sqdj sail (verb) xnms friend A11 x:n-m-s-A11 mSa army A12*Z3 m-S:a-A12*Z3 army mn:n-f-[fit]A-[fit]t-A12*Z3 mnfAt infantry enemy s*b-i*A13 sbj rebel x*(.:t):f-A13 xftj enemy death m:t-A14 mwt die enemy x*(.:t):f-A14 xftj enemy xr fall x:r-A15 A15 A15*w x:r-w-A15 xrw fallen (conquered) enemy A15:X1 sxrt overthrow (infinitive) ksj bow down k*s-A16 Xrd child A17-A1 X:r:d-A17 young r:n-p*M6-A17 rnpj rejuvenate S:r-i-A17 Srj child ms*s-A17 ms child n:nm*m-A17-G37 nmHw orphan nnj M23-t:n-A17-n:n-niwt ^nnj-nsw Herakleopolis ms A17-Dw-mwt-t:N33:Z2 msdmt black eye-paint N41:z-A17a Hmsj sit ms*w-A17a-Z2 msw children child-king i-n:p-A18 jnpw crown-prince V25*H-A18 wDH weaned princeling jAwj old i-A-[fit]w-A19 A19 smsw eldest s*m-s*w-A19 A19 wr great wr:r-A19 A19 wr chief old t:n-i-A19 tnj old lean r:h:n-A19 rhn lean (verb) t-wA-A-A19 twA support oneself jky quarryman i-k-A19 A19-i*i smsw eldest A20 s*m-s*w-A20 insert[t,x=0.7,fix](zA,Z1)-f-A20 sA=f smsw his eldest son A20:[sep=0.2]N1 smsw-hAyt elder of the portal sr official (noun) s-r-A21 A21 dignitary Sn-n:nw*W-t*A21-A1:Z1*Z1*Z1 Snwt courtiers s*U23-m*[fit](r:.)-[sep=0.4]A21 smr courtier x:n-nm-m*s-A21 xnms friend A21 wr chief D33:n-ti*A21 Xntj statue statue D33:n-ti*A22 Xntj statue insert[s](insert[te](.*w*.,t),t)-A22 twt statue

The exact shape varies depending on the nature of the statue.

jty sovereign i*ti-i*i-A23 nxt strong n:xt:x*[sep=0.3](.:t)-A24 A24 strike, force, effort H*w-A24 Hwj strike n:N42-m-A24 nHm take away H-a-DA*A-A24 HaDA rob sbA-A-A24 sbA teach A24-W:D40 Hw drover Hwj strike H*A25-A24 Hwj strike A25-w-D40 Hw drover call n:i*s-A26 njs summon Dw-w-i-A26 Dwj call F21*A26 sDm-aS servant j O (vocative interjection) i*A26 jn i*A27:n jn by qAj high q*A-A28 A28 joy H-a-A28-A2 Haj rejoice s*wA-S-A28 swAS praise mourn H*A-A28 HAj mourn jAs bald i*A-s*A28 upside down s-x:d-A29 sxd upside down praise, awe, supplicate i*A-w*A30 jAw praise N14-A30 dwA praise s*wA-S-A30 swAS praise t*wA-A-A30 twA claim t-wr:r-A30 twr show respect

Cf. .

turn away a:n-insert[s](.*w,nw)-A31 anw averted (face) dance x*[fit]b-A32 xbj dance joy h-i*i-h:n-insert[s](.*w,nw)-A32 hy-hnw jubilate mnjw herdsman A33 mn:n-i*w-A33 wander r:w-A33 rwj wander S-U1-A33 SmA stranger xwsj pound build x-[fit]w-s*A34 qd build qd-d:nw-A34 aftj brewer A36-t:Z4-A24 a:[sep=0.5]f:t-A36 ^qjs Qus A38 god p:t-H-A40 ^ptH Ptah mn:n-T*w-A40 ^mnTw Month =j I (god or king) first person singular (god or king) w-A40 wj me nw:k-A40 jnk I

Replacing earlier .

king sw-t:n-A41 nsw king Hm*Z1-A41 Hm majesty nb-A41 nb lord =j I (king) first person singular (king) w-A41 wj me nw:k-A41 jnk I nsw king (of Upper Egypt) sw-t:n-A43 A43 ^wsjr Osiris st:ir-A43 bjtj king of Lower Egypt L2:t-A45 A45 mnjw herdsman A47-w-A1 sAw guard protect z:zA-A-A47-A24 A47-A-D40 A47-T10:t*Z1 jrj-pDt bowman jrj relating to belonging to i*r-A48 A48 foreigner T14*m-w-A49*Z3 aAmw Asiatics iwn*iwn*iwn-Aa32*A-A49-A49-A49 jwntjw-^stj Nubian nomads revered person s-n:b-w-A50 ^snbw Sonbu s*Ab-m:r-A50*Z3 smrw courtiers =j I (revered person) first person singular (revered person) w-A50 wj me nw:k-A50 jnk I Sps noble imi-.:Z2a-[sep=0.5]w-HAt:t-A51*Z3 jmjw-HAt ancestors A51*s S:p-s*A51 Sps noble pA-pt-A52 ^pA-Hrj Paheri z:a-H-E31-A52 saH blessed (deceased) S:p:z-A52 Sps noble twt statue insert[s](insert[te](.*w*.,t),t)-A53 A53 mummy w*i-A53 wj mummy-case likeness, form q*i-A53-mDAt[rotate=270] qj form xpr:r-w-A53-mDAt:Z2 xprw form death mn:n-i-A54 mnj death nb-anx-n:x-A54 nb-anx sarcophagus sDr lie s-Dr:r-A55 A55 death x:p*(.:t)-A55 xpyt death XA:t-A55 XAt corpse bAk servant Htp-Dj-nsw a boon that the king grants SAd dig sHr drive away s-Hr:r-A59 sTj sow s*t-A60 turn back, turn away wr Asiatic prince be seated (of king) offering jrj-nTr who belongs to the god jHwj sistrum player nmw dwarf dwarf d:n-g-sDm-A67-A1 dng dwarf kill nxt strong t:f:n-A69 ^tA=f-nxt Tefnakht female z:t-B1 st woman N42:t-B1 Hmt woman wife nTr-t:r:t-B1 nTrt goddess insert[te](zA,t)-B1 sAt daughter XA-A-r:t-D3-B1 XArt widow Hm*t-B1 Hmt (female) slave M27-i*i-t-B1 Smayt (female) singer nfr-r:t-B1 ^nfrt Nofret =j I (female) pregnant E9-w-wr:r-B2 jwr conceive b*kA-B2 bkA pregnant msj give birth ms*s-B3 B3 nurse mn:n-a-B5 mna nurse (verb) x:n-m-B5a*t ^xnmt Khnemt rear r:n:n-B6 rnn rear in names of queens in women's names jHyt (female) sistrum player ^ra Re r:a-C1 C1 r:a-C2 C2 ^ra Re ^DHwtj Thoth G26-C3 C3 ^Xnmw Khnum W9*w-C4 C4 ^jnpw Anubis i-n:p-w-C6 C6 ^wpj-wAwt Upwawet F13-N31-t:Z2-C6 ^stx Seth sw-w-t:Z4-C7 C7 ^mnw Min R22:R12-C8 C8 ^Hwt-^Hr Hathor O10-C9 C9 ^mAat Maat U5:a-t-C10 C10 ^HHw Heh HH million many ^jmn Amun ^jmn-Hr-xpS=f Amun-her-khepeshef ^jtm Atum ^mnTw Month ^tA-tnn Tatenen ^ptH Ptah ^bs Bes b*C21 ^bs Bes ^xnsw Khons ^bAstt Bastet ^njt Neith nfr*C24 ^nfrt-^nt Nofretneith tp head D1:Z1 tp head D1:p*Z4 tpj first head HA-A-tp HA back of the head behind m-a:k-HA*tp mkHA neglect d:h-n:t-tp dhnt forehead d:h-n:tp dhn promote DADA head DA*A-DA*A-tp:Z1 tp:Z1 gwA pull tight g-wA-A-tp:D40 Hr face upon Hr:Z1 Hr H-Hr:r-Aa19-A24 Hr prepare d:Hr-r:G37a dHr bitter hair Sn:n-Z4-[sep=0.5]D3 Snj hair s*km-m*[fit]D3 skm grey-haired skin i-E34a:n-D3 jwn complexion i-in:n-nm*m-[fit]D3 jnm skin mourn i*A-k*[fit]b-D3 jAkb mourn empty, bald, forlorn K4*A-r:t-D3*B1 XArt widow w-S:D3 wS fall out (of hair) G28-D3 gm wS(.w) found defective (of text) jrt eye D4:X1*Z1 U1:D4 D4:D4 mAA see U2:D4-A*A jr D4 jrj make i-ir:t*t-W20 jrTt milk U1:D4 mA U2:D4-A*w-F27:Z2 mAjw lions eye, see d:g-D4 dgj look S:p-D4 Sp blind rs*D4 rs wakeful rmj weep r:m-D4 d:g-D5 dgj look S:p-D5 Sp blind rs*D5 rs wakeful adorn ms*s-D-t*[fit]mwt-D7:Z2b msdmt black eye-paint a:n-D7 an beautiful an a:n-nw*[fit]w-D7 ^anw Ainu eye, see p:t-rnp*D7 ptr behold ^anw Ainu a:nw-D8 an a:n-D8 an beautiful

Cf. .

D21:m-D9 D9 wDAt the uninjured eye of Horus w*DA-A*[fit]t-D10 D10 1/2 1/2 heqat DfD pupil of eye insert[bs](D,f)-insert[b](D,D12) 1/4 1/4 heqat 1/8 1/8 heqat jnH eyebrows i-in:n-H-D13:D13 1/16 1/16 heqat 1/32 1/32 heqat 1/64 1/64 heqat tjt image t*i-t:D17 insert[t,sep=0.6](D17,t[scale=0.8]) msDr ear ms*s-Dr:D21-D18 D18*[sep=0.2]D18 msDrwj both ears fnD nose f:nD-D19 f:n:d-D19 nose, smell, face S:D21:t-D19 Srt nose s*sn:n-D19 sn smell xnt-n:t-D19 xnt face joy D21:S-D19 rSw rejoice xnt-n:t:S-D19 xntS take pleasure soft, kind s-f:n-D19 sfn mild btn disobedient b-T:n-D19 xnt in front of xnt-n:t*Z4-D19 D19:t xnt D19-t:Z4-N33:Z2 stj spruce ochre x:n-i-D19:D40 xnr confine rA mouth D21:Z1 r D21:Z1 r i*R7[scale=0.7]-[sep=0.5]bA-D21:Z1-E6 jbr stallion 2/3 two-thirds 3/4 three-quarters spt lip border D24:t*Z1 s*(p:t)-D24 sptj both lips s*[fit](p:t*Z4)-[sep=0.3]D25 D25:t*Z4 expel (through mouth) p:z-g-D26 psg spit b-S:D26 bSj vomit q*[sep=0.2]A-a:D26 q:a-D26 qAa spew out z:n:f-D26:Z2 snf blood mnD breast mn:n-insert[b](D,D27) mn:n-d:D27*F51 suckle, rear z:n-q:D27 snq suckle mn:n-a:Z4*D27 mnaj tutor kA spirit kA:Z1 kA kA:t-A9 kAt work H*kA-A-A2 HkA magic D28:Z1 k kA spirit ^nHb-kAw Nehebkau nH*H-b*Z9-kA:Z2-D30 Hm-kA ka-priest envelop i-in:n-q-D32 jnq envelop H-p:t-D32 Hpt embrace p:g-A-D32 pgA unfold Xnj row D33:n-P1 Xn D33-n:n-nw*[sep=0.3]w-E20-D40:Z2 Xnnw turmoil aHA fight D34-A-A24 n not D35:N35 nn not negation i*m-D35 jmj should not x*m-[sep=0.2]D35 xm not know jwtj which not D35:t*Z4-G37 D35-[sep=0.3]insert[te](w*.,t) i*w-D35-ti*i n n n to D35:n-Sm-m-[sep=0.2]F51 nnSm spleen xm x:z-m-D35:pr xm shrine mx s*m-[sep=0.5]x:D35 smx forget a arm a:Z1 a jmj give! i-D37 D37 Dj give D37 D21:D37 rDj give D21:D37 D D37:D37-[sep=1.0]w-niwt Ddw Busiris mj m k-[sep=0.3]m-D37-B1 ^kmj Kemi m-D37:k mk behold jmj give! i*m-Aa15:D38 m mj m-D38:k-D40 mkj protect i-t:D38-A40 ^jtm Atum Hnk offer H-M2:n-k:D39 D39 offer, present d:r-p:D39 drp offer D21:D39 rDj who causes ra*m-D39:k-t ^mkt-^ra Meketre m-D39 m-a by the hand of n:xt:x*t-D40 D40 nxt strong i*(t:H)-D40 jtH drag xAj examine xA*A-D40 D40 arm and movement of arms g*b-bA*A-D41 gbA arm D21:mn:n-D41 D21:n-D41 D41:F51*Z1 rmn arm iAb*[fit]b-Z4:D41 jAbj left X*[fit]m-s*D41 Xms bend D21:q-D41 rqj resist H*Hz*s-D41 Hsj sing cease g:r-H*D41 grH finish n:i-[sep=0.2]D41 nj reject nj D41:W-G34 njw ostrich D41:Z1*W10 n:[sep=0.3]i*w-D41-W22 njw bowl mH cubit mH:[sep=0.1]D42 D42 xwj protect x:[sep=0.4]D43-[sep=0.4]w*mDAt[rotate=270] xw x:[sep=0.6]D43-w*[sep=0.4]w-G37a:Z2 xww evil s-x:[sep=0.4]D43-d:mDAt sxwd enrich xrp administer x:r-p:[sep=0.4]D44 D44 Dsr sacred D45:r-mDAt[rotate=270] D45 insert[b,sep=0.5](D,s)-D45:r Drt hand d:t*Z1 d w-d:D40 wdj put jdt fragrance D46a:t D46a:t-N4 hand Dr:r-t:D47 Drt hand DA-t:D47 DAt hand Ssp palm Hnt basin grasp Dba finger Dba 10000 Dba D50*D50 accurate ant nail actions involving fingers dqr D51:N33a dqr fruit D51:N33a qAw grains male, penis D52:E1 kA bull mt smt penis and associated actions male bAH glans G17-D53:Z1 G17*b-bA*A-H-D53:Y1 m-bAH in the presence of jw come movement nmtt step D54-X1:Z1 backwards rd foot foot pds war sbq gH gHs D56*D54 movement mutilate jAT sjAT bw place b ab sAH toe sAH kp severed hands Hnkt lock of hair Srj boy Srjt girl writing w-d:n-D66 wdn record royal titulary s-F46a:D66 spXr write 1 1 heqat kA bull jH cattle cattle kA bull smA fighting bull bHs calf wnDw short-horned cattle HsAt sacred hesat-cow solicitous ssmt horse horse aA ass jb kid jb small cattle jw E9[scale=0.8]*[fit]G43 j smA sacrificial animal bA ram .:W9*[fit]E10 ^Xnmw Khnum ram, sheep rrj pig SAj pig mjw cat (m.) myt cat (f.) jw dog Tsm dog ^jnpw Anubis Hrj-sStA master of secrets sAb jackal dignitary sTA drag sTA ^wpj-wAwt Wepwawet ^stx Seth turmoil G6a-[sep=0.2]E20a nbwj the two lords turmoil mAj lion rw lion rw E23:Z1 E23 r Aby panther db hippopotamus xAb hippopotamus Abw elephant mmj giraffe foretell mA-HD oryx gHs gazelle njAw ibex saH rank dignity jan baboon monkey furious gjf vervet monkey wn ^DHwtj Thoth E36*i Dd say nfr beautiful Sbt water-clock nose, smell, face joy Dnd rage insert[bs](D,n:d)-F2 At HAt front F4:D36 HAtj-a prince SsA sSA Sft ram Sfyt worth Sft S:f-S:f-t*F7 SfSft dignity F9*F9 pHtj strength At neck, throat wsrt neck wsr wpt brow top F13:X1*Z1 wp jp wpt-rnpt New-Year's Day dp horn horn ab horn ab abw purification jbH tooth tooth bH Hw F18:Y1 H bjA bj artj jaw ns tongue ns tongue jmj-rA overseer msDr ear S34*S34-F21:[fit]F21 anxwj both ears sDm hear hearing jdn F21:Z1 DrD leaf sdm pHwj end F22-[fit]insert[te](w,Z4) pH end, bottom kfA xpS foreleg ^msxtjw Great Bear ms*s-x-G4-w-F23:sbA-A40 wHmt hoof wHm Xnt skin Xn skin, mammal sAb dappled F28*H6 sAb Swt dappled of feathers stj pierce st Sdw water-skin Sd mst apron of skins ms Xt belly X sd tail sd jb heart heart nfr smA lung smA jAt back psD back sm jmAx spinal cord jmAx revered Aw Sat injury spr rib spr spHt ribs of beef s*p*H-t:F43 bone and meat jwa jsw jdt uterus qAb intestine qAb pXr turn pXr dbn go round dbn wDb turn spXr copy parts of the body F51:[fit]F51:[fit]F51 Haw body kns vagina As ws Hs excrement mdw (divine) staff A vulture A AA mA tjw ^Hr Horus bjk falcon b*i-k-G6 G6a-[sep=0.2]E20a nbwj the two lords ^Hr Horus god, king =j I (king) first person singular (king) w-G7 wj me ^nmtj Nemti ^Hr-nbw Gold Horus ^ra-^Hr-Axtj Re-Harakhti ^skr Sokar Hnw Sokar-bark aSm divine image a:S-m-G11 Snbt breast Sn:n-b-t:G11 ^Hr Horus G13-O47:O49 ^Hr-nxnj Horus of Hieraconpolis ^spdw Sopdu M44*w-G13 nrt vulture nr mwt mt ^mwt Mut nbtj Two Ladies m mm jm therein m mj mr nH guinea-fowl nH Db rxyt common folk Ax spirit Ax hb ibis ^DHwtj Thoth dSr flamingo dSr gm bA soul bA insert[te](G29,Z1) insert[bs](.*G29,R7) D58*G29 b bAw might bnw phoenix Sntj heron baH inundated sdA egret sdA njw ostrich aq wr mnt swallow nDs small small, bad, defective gb white-fronted goose goose gb wfA wsf wdf Htm (any) bird, flying insect st pintail sA pA fly pA G40 p xnj alight xn qmj qmj sHw T14*[sep=0.2]G41 qmA T14*[sep=0.2]G41 Tn G41-G1 p (any) bird, flying insect wSA fatten DfA provisions w tw wt ww wa Dj{w} mj{w} mAw TA nestling TA insert[te](G47,Z1) T sS nest sS nest rxtj washerman HAm catch fish HA-A-m-G51-A24 snm feed s-n:nm*m-G52 bA soul wSn wring neck (of bird) w-S:n-G54 snD Apdw fowl wSn wring neck (of bird) w-S:n-H1:a mAa wSm pAq nr rm wing, fly Swt feather Sw mAat truth SA swHt egg sA son pat patricians HntAsw lizard aSA gecko aSA Stw turtle msH crocodile xntj crocodile greedy agression I3:I3 jty sovereign I3:I3-G7 ^sbk Sobek sAq gather km frog H*(q:t)-I7 ^Hqt Heket wHm-anx repeating life Hfnr tadpole Hfn 100000 f jt father i*(t:f)-A1 t:f-A1 prj go out Dt cobra D ^wADyt Wadjit (tenth nome of Upper Egypt) DD Dt eternity jart uraeus goddess goddess snake H-f:[sep=0.2]A-w-I14 HfAw serpent insert[bs](D,d)-f:t-I14 Ddft snake jnt tilapia jn bw aDw mullet aD XAt elephant-snout fish XA bs fish nSmt fish scale Spt discontented S:p*t-K7 nar catfish xprr dung beetle xpr bjt bee bjt nsw-bjtj king of Upper and Lower Egypt aff fly (noun) snHm locust spA centipede xA ^srqt Selkis anx anx-L8*x anx Ankh tree jAm jmA jm tree ^nDft Nedjfit plant, flower Hn js =j I s man z:M2*Z1 xt wood xt wood Da m-xt after rnpj young rnp year HAt-sp regnal year snf last year tr season tr rj tr season tr tj rj rnpj young SA land pool SA M8 M8-G1 S Axt Season of Inundation SSn lotus nHbt lotus bud wdn offer xA xA 1000 M12 M12*G1 x wAD papyrus wAD wAD papyrus, watery regions wAx M15-L2-X1:O49 ^Ax-bjt Chemmis mHw Lower Egypt ^Ax-bjt Chemmis HA M16 M16-G1 H mHw Lower Egypt ^tA-mHw Lower Egypt j reed j M17*[fix,sep=0.2]M17 y M17*[fix,sep=0.2]M17 Hebrew Yod M17-A2 Hebrew Alef jj come aAbt offering sxt marshland sm plant sm nxb M22*[sep=0.5]M22 nn swt sedge sw M23*G43 s M23-X1:N35 M23*X1 M23 nsw king of Upper Egypt M23:X1-L2:X1 nsw-bjtj king of Upper and Lower Egypt rs south M24a-M13 tAwj the two lands ^Smaw Upper Egypt Sma ^Smaw Upper Egypt Sma mDw Sma the tens of Upper Egypt tA-^Smaw Upper Egypt nDm bnr sweet rd grow r:d-M31 jt barley grain bdt emmer heap Dr bundle together flax bundle together vegetable offering jsw reeds js wood wn wnm eat vine, fruit spd sharp sharp pt sky sky, high W25:N1 ^jnj-Hrt Onuris Hr Hrj Hrw gate grH night night jAdt dew precipitation ra sun hrw day sw day sun, time ra sun Xrt-hrw day-time Axw sunshine shine wbn rise wbn Hnmmt sun-folk of Heliopolis psDntjw New-moon festival psD jaH moon waH N11:[fit]N14 Abd month Abd month sSp palm jaH moon smdt half-month festival sbA star sbA star, time dwA wnwt hour dwAt netherworld tA earth land tA N16:N21*Z1 t land, eternity jw island N18:N21*Z1 j desert, foreign land insert[te](G9*.,N18:[fix,sep=0.5]N18) ^Hr-Axtj Harakhti ^jmn Amun n Sns wDb sandbank wDb jdb land land land irrigated land N5:N23 time spAt district province garden xAst foreign land desert, foreign land N25:R12 ^HA Ha Dw mountain Dw Axt horizon xa hill xa qAA hill q jAt mound wAt road road, travel, position W25*N31 ^jnj-Hrt Onuris Hrw besides wA fall ^Hr Horus sjn sand, metal, mineral, medicin N33*N33*N33 Hmtj copper copper, bronze nt water n N35:G1 N35:U19:[fit]W24 N35:Z2 n N35:Z2-E23:Z1 N35:Z2-D21:Z1 l N35:N35:N35 mw water N35:N35:N35 mw N35:N35:N35 m N35:N35:N35 water, liquid and associated actions N35a-N36:N23 N35a-N36 river, lake, sea mr canal mr mj river, lake, sea S pool S Sm go N40*G17-D54 well, pool, marsh Hm jdt uterus bjA N41*N41:[size=inf]N41 pHww ends ^jnbw-HD Inbuhedi (first nome of Lower Egypt) ^xpS Khepesh (second nome of Lower Egypt) ^jmntt Imenti (third nome of Lower Egypt) ^nrt-rst southern Neret (fourth nome of Lower Egypt) ^nrt-mHtt northern Neret (fifth nome of Lower Egypt) ^xAsww Khasu (sixth nome of Lower Egypt) ^Hwj-jmntj Hui-imenti (seventh nome of Lower Egypt) ^Hwj-jAbtj Hui-jabtj (eighth nome of Lower Egypt) ^anDtj Anedjiti (ninth nome of Lower Egypt) ^km-wr Kem-wer (tenth nome of Lower Egypt) ^Hsbw Hesbu (eleventh nome of Lower Egypt) ^Tb-nTr Tjeb-netjer (twelfth nome of Lower Egypt) ^HqA-anDw Heqa-ondju (thirteenth nome of Lower Egypt) ^xntj-jAbtj Khenti-abt (fourteenth nome of Lower Egypt) ^DHwtj Djehuti (fifteenth nome of Lower Egypt) ^HAt-mHjt Hat-mehit (sixteenth nome of Lower Egypt) ^smA-bHdt Sema-Behdet (seventeenth nome of Lower Egypt) ^jmt-xnt southern Imet (eighteenth nome of Lower Egypt) ^jmt-pH northern Imet (nineteenth nome of Lower Egypt) ^spd Sopdu (twentieth nome of Lower Egypt) ^tA-stj Taseti (first nome of Upper Egypt) ^wTs-^Hr Wetjes-Hor (second nome of Upper Egypt) ^nxn Nekhen (third nome of Upper Egypt) ^wAst Waset (fourth nome of Upper Egypt) ^nTrwj Netjerui (fifth nome of Upper Egypt) ^jqr Iqer (sixth nome of Upper Egypt) ^bAt Bat (seventh nome of Upper Egypt) ^tA-wr Tawer (eighth nome of Upper Egypt) ^mnw Menu (ninth nome of Upper Egypt) ^wADyt Wadjit (tenth nome of Upper Egypt) ^SA Sha (eleventh nome of Upper Egypt) ^Atft Atfet (twelfth nome of Upper Egypt) ^nDft-xntt southern Nedjfit (thirteenth nome of Upper Egypt) ^nDft-pHt northern Nedjfit (fourteenth nome of Upper Egypt) ^wnt Unet (fifteenth nome of Upper Egypt) ^mA-HD Ma-hedi (sixteenth nome of Upper Egypt) ^jnpwt Input (seventeenth nome of Upper Egypt) ^nmtj Nemti (eighteenth nome of Upper Egypt) ^wAbwj Wabui (nineteenth nome of Upper Egypt) ^nart-xntt southern Noret (twentieth nome of Upper Egypt) ^nart-pHt northern Noret (twenty-first nome of Upper Egypt) ^mdnjt Medenit (twenty-second nome of Upper Egypt) pr house pr building, seat, place pr-anx temple scriptorium pr-HD treasury prt-r-xrw invocation offerings h grounds h mrrt street mr-r:r-t:O5-pr mr nm Hwt (large) building Htt quary opening of Hwt enclosure opening of Hwt enclosure opening of Hwt enclosure closing of Hwt enclosure closing of Hwt enclosure closing of Hwt enclosure Hwt-aAt large building ^nbt-Hwt Nephthys ^Hwt-^Hr Hathor Hwt-anx royal living quarters Hwt-bjtj house of the king of Lower Egypt Hwt-Hr Hut-her O10c-Aa1:[fit]D40:. Hwt-Hr-nxt Hut-her-nekhet aH palace sbxt gateway wsxt hall tA door (in temple) tAytj he of the door (title) kAr chapel shrine sanctuary sH booth sH booth sH HAb Hd-sd Sed festival mr pyramid pyramid in names of sun-obelisks txn obelisk wD stela stela hall of columns xA jwn column jwn aA column aA O29:D36 O29 a sxnt support O30*[sep=0.0]O30*[sep=0.0]O30*[sep=0.0]O30 sxnwt the four support (of the sky) aA door aA open sbA door door, gateway srx banner closing of srx enclosure s bolt s sbj go sbj perish O35-D54 ms bring G17-O35-D54 js go! M17-O35 sj who? O35-M17*M17 O35-S29 jnb wall wall opening of fortified wall cartouche closing of fortified wall cartouche opening of square fortified wall cartouche closing of square fortified wall cartouche overthrow, tilt qnbt corner court of magistrates gate, street tm (part of a title) t:tm-O38[mirror] Hrj n tm (a title) stone rwd stairway xtjw terrace stairway stairway, ascent Ssp sSp jAwt rank jpAt harem ^nxn Hieraconpolis njwt city inhabited area spt threshing floor sp O50:.*Z1*Z1*. O50:Z4 sp sn (two times) O50:.*Z1*Z1*. O50:Z4 repetition of the preceding sequence of consonants Snwt granary dpt ship jmw ship aHa ship qAqAw ship boat, ship, travel by water pna overturn p:n:a-P1a xntj sail upstream xnt-n:t-P2 wjA sacred bark divine boats, divine journeys wHa fisherman TAw breath wind, sail nfw skipper aHa wsr oar Hpt oar oar xrw xrwj=fj he says P9-.:Z4 Hmw steering oar mnjt mooring post st seat st ws As Htm st seat ws p base p wrs head-rest box, chest qrsw coffin burial fire, flame, cook srf temperature Q7*Q7 nsrsr Fire-Island N18:Z1*N21-Q7*Q7-O49 jw nsrsr Fire-Island xAwt table of offerings wdHw table of offerings Htp altar Htp kAp fumigate kAp kp snTr incense nTr god god bd natron Xrt-nTr necropolis Dd djed-column Dd jAt standard i*A-t:R12 god jmnt west right jmnt west wnmj right jAbt east Ab wx ukh-fetish ^nfr-tm Nefertem ^wAst Thebes ^sSAt Seshat ^mnw Min ^xm Ausim xm ^njt Neith smA unite ^njt Neith bAt Bat (symbol of Hathor) jtrt niche (for statues) HDt white crown white crown Sma=s crown of Upper Egypt dSrt red crown red crown n nt net-crown red crown n sxmtj double crown double crown mHw=s crown of Lower Egypt xprS blue crown Atf atef-crown Swtj double plumes wAH wreath mDH mDH carpenter wsx collar wsx nbw gold precious metal nbj gild HD silver Dam electrum THnt fayence ^Ssmtt Shesmetet Ssm mnjt bead-necklace xtmw treasurer xtm seal seal Snatj shenoti ring sT tA-wr larboard dmD unite dmD Tst knot Ts vertebra Ts apron aAw interpreter SnDwt apron dAjw apron mnxt clothing clothing s S34*U28*S29 a.w.s. l.p.h.! sf smA sjAt piece of cloth sjA Tbt sandal anx sandal-strap anx life anx S34*U28*S29 a.w.s. l.p.h.! Swt shade sryt standard S36*(.:Q3)*S36 ^Hpwj Hepui xw fan HqAt sceptre HqA S38*[fit]N29*S29 Aqs Akes awt wAs uas-sceptre wAs wAb jAtt Dam abA aba-sceptre abA sxm sistrum sxm xrp control mdw staff mdw Ams ames-sceptre nxAxA flagellum k afnt head-cloth mnw sqr smite s-Aa7:T2 HD mace HD HDw HDD mjbt axe mDH carpenter jqHw axe tp bAgsw dagger pDt bow pD jwnt bow Ssr arrow sXr sSr sjn swn Neith R24[rotate=90]*T11a ^njt Neith rwD bow-string rwD Ar restrain A-r:T12 Ar Aj rs amaAt throw-stick qmA throw create T14*[sep=0.2]G41 Tn ^THnw Libia aAm Asian nHsj Nubian foreign peoples and countries xpS scimitar wrryt chariot Sms follow qs bone qs qrs gn twr bone, tubular wa one snw two sn aH net (verb) aH DbA float (noun) DbA sxt trap Xr under Xr nmt place of slaughter knife, sharp dmt knife sSm sSm butcher nm knife nm jkm shield mA sickle-shaped end of boat mA U1-G1 m reap crooked mAA see mAat truth cultivate mr Hnn hoe Hn grain HqAt heqat jt barley HqAt heqat plough hb plough hb prt seed Sna tm wnS sledge bjA grg establish grg nwtj the two adzes nw N35:[sep=0.2]U19:[fit,sep=0.2]W24[scale=0.6] n stp cut up stp sTp mnx carve mnx mr Ab Hmt craft wbA open up DA fire-drill DA S34*U28*S29 a.w.s. l.p.h.! U28*G1 U28 D tA kiln tA rtHtj baker rtH jtH xnr restrain sHm pound smn Hsmn pound, press down, heavy HmAyt salt tjt pestle tj t U33 U33*M17 U33-M17*M17 t xsf spin xsf Hmww fuller Hm Xaq shave mxAt balance wTst post (of balance) Tsj raise tx plummet abwt pitchfork sDb sDb rope Sn Snt 100 sTA drag sTA As hasten A-s*(V2:D54) sTAw wA snT plan s-n:T-V5 Ss rope Ss Snj enclose Sn Snw cartouche Snw cartouche name dnj restrain d:n-i*V11 pxA split p:x-xA-A-V11:mDAt hieratic opening of cartouche hieratic closing of cartouche hieratic closing of knotless cartouche bind fx arq papyrus T T jTj seize sA hobble sA sA protection mDt stable tmA XAr sack palanquin, portable shrine mD mD 10 mDt stable mD mH wD aD spool aD H Ha sk wipe sk wAH xsr ward off x:z:r-V29-D40 mar fortunate sk nbt basket nb k msnw harpooner msn gAwt tribute gAw gAy sSr linen sSr g tie up, envelop, perfume qAr bundle q*A-r:V33a ^qAr Kar Hn receptacle Hn V36*[sep=0.2]V36 Hntj end jdr bandage jdr wt bandage tjt knot-amulet mD 10 (in days of the month) mrHt unguent oil, unguent bAs jar bAs Ss alabaster feast Hb Hbt ritual book Hb feast feast Xrj-Hbt lector priest wHAt cauldron mAT granite mAT ^Abw Elephantine Ab*w-W7:xAst Ab nXnm nechnem-vase Xnm cup jab cup jab ab wsx cup wsx sxw Hnwt cup Hnt bA nst seat g dSrt earthenware pot Hst water jar Hs jar Hs qbb cool qbH cool qbH cool qbb cool xnt rack xnt mhr milk jug mr mj jrTt milk jrp wine Hnqt beer pot, fluid, measure, tribute wdpw butler nw W24a nw jn Aa27-W24 nD W24:N35a m-Xnw inside DADAt council DA*DA-W24*t:Aa8-A1:Z2 ^nxbt Nekhbet M22*[fit]b-nw:t jnj bring t bread t .:X1-[fit]R8 R8-X1 jt-nTr god's father (title) X1:X2-X4b:Z2 X1*X2:X4b t bread X2*W22 X2*W22:X4b food ^DHwtj Thoth X2-A40 ^gb Geb X2-A40 ^jnpw Anubis X2-A40 .:X2-[fit]R8 jt-nTr god's father (title) bread, food sn fqA cake fqA pAt loaf pAt X7:X7-A2 X7:X7 wnm eat X7:X7-A2 X7:X7 eat snw food offerings Dj give D21-X8 rDj give jmj give! X8 X8-G17-D37 M17*X8 d djw provisions X8-U9:[sep=0.2]Z2 mDAt papyrus roll mDAt writing and what is written, abstract notions dmD total mnhD scribe's outfit sS writing naa smooth n:a:a-Y3-Y1a snaa made smooth Y3-Y1a Tms red T-m*s-Y3 Tms mn jbA game piece jbA bnt harp sSSt sistrum sxm semogram marker space filler =j I Z1*Z1 Z1*Z1*Z1 plurality or collectivity Z1*Z1*Z1 w duality j replaces two human figures, or signs difficult to draw replaces human figure, or sign difficult to draw round break, divide, cross, answer Hsb 1/4 swA sD xbs Sbn wp wr jmj Hw round qd wa 1 wa 1 (in days of the month) x bodily growths or conditions Xpw sculptured reliefs Hsb reckon wHA gAwt tribute gAw soft body tissues and fluids Hpt helm Hp tmA mat TmA sqr smite DAtt estate DAt qn xwd rich drf writing mAa Aa11:P8[rotate=270] mAa-xrw true of voice TnTAt platform jm rib jm m gs side 1/2 half gs sA back sA Aa18 Aa18:Z1 s Hr TAr fasten apr wDa sever ^stx Seth mDd hit smA clothing priest sbj nD qd Xkr adorn stj Nubian N17-Aa32-X1:N25 ^tA-stj Nubia stj some mineral